SOURCE: DocGuide
October 7, 2015 | Brian Hoyle 

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) that are common relievers of depression symptoms may cause patients to need more intubation and more prolonged hospitalisation following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), according to results of a retrospective analysis presented at the 2015 Annual Meeting of the American College of Surgeons (ACS).
“In this study, the use of SSRIs and SNRIs was associated with prolonged intubation and hospitalisation, but not with an increased intubation rate,” clarified lead author Kortney Robinson, MD, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, speaking here on October 5. “The mechanism is unclear, but it could include discontinuation syndrome, confounding comorbidities, or possible CPY450 inhibition.”
Discontinued use of SSRIs and SNRIs can cause a host of non-life-threatening symptoms. Dr. Robinson and colleagues examined whether these symptoms influence the rate of intubation following CABG. The researchers searched the Society of Thoracic Surgeons database, which contains nationwide information on adult cardiac, general thoracic, and congenital heart surgery including anesthesiology data. A database search from 2002 to 2013 identified 2,092 patients who underwent CABG. Other elective and emergent cases were excluded.
The team analysed the data using 29 variables that included demographics, comorbidities, length of time in the operating room, and postoperative complications. The primary outcomes were prolonged intubation (considered to be intubation exceeding 24 hours), reintubation, and length of stay in the intensive-care unit.
Preoperatively, 231 patients (11%) were on SSRIs / SNRIs, which was consistent with the national rate of antidepressant use. Of the 2,092 patients, 282 patients (13%) required prolonged intubation, and 100 (4.8%) required reintubation.
Patients medicated with SSRI or SNRI were similar in age to the other patients in the database (65.76 years vs 66.96 years; P = .621), but otherwise had a higher prevalence of comorbid conditions, including preoperative creatinine, hypercholesterolaemia, use of dialysis, hypertension, prior cardiovascular intervention, diabetes, and chronic lung disease.
Univariate analysis revealed an association of SSRI or SNRI use with prolonged intubation compared with non-use (17.9% vs 12.8%; odds ratio [OR] = 1.48, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02 to 2.13; P = .037), along with associations of nearly 2 dozen other parameters, but no association between SSRI or SNRI and reintubation (OR = 0.93; 95% CI, 0.48 to 1.82).
Multivariable analysis revealed SSRI or SNRI use as an independent predictor of prolonged intubation (OR = 2.85, 95% CI, 1.1 to 7.41), along with preoperative intra-aortic balloon-pump use (OR = 15.5; 95% CI, 5.8 to 42.3), 2 or more incidences of venous anastomosis (OR = 3.2; 95% CI, 1.3 to 7.9), albumin <3 g/L (OR = 4.7; 95% CI, 1.2 to 18.8), and any postoperative use of fresh frozen plasma (OR = 9.3; 95% CI, 2.6 to 26.1).
In multivariable analysis, SSRI or SNRI use was not associated with reintubation.
SSRI or SNRI use at baseline was associated with intensive-care-unit hospitalisation exceeding 3 days in 31% of patients, as compared with 22% of patients not taking the antidepressant medications (P = .046).
It is unclear why preoperative SSRI / SNRI use is associated with prolonged intubation but not reintubation in patients undergoing urgent CABG. The researchers did not discover any compelling link with prolonged intubation or reintubation after scrutinising the data in patients who developed discontinuation syndrome less than 2 days and more than 2 days after weaning from SSRIs. Cytochrome-450 inhibition and confounding diagnoses are possibilities.
Dr. Robinson speculated that patient-specific conditions, such as length of time of SSRI / SNRI medication and possible consequences of weaning could help determine the decision to discontinue the antidepressant medication preoperatively.
[Presentation title: Preoperative Antidepressant Use: Prolonged Intubationand Reintubation after Cardiac Surgery. Abstract SF18#7]

SOURCE: The New York Times
October 20, 2015 | Benedict Carey

More than two million people in the United States have a diagnosis of schizophrenia, and the treatment for most of them mainly involves strong doses of antipsychotic drugs that blunt hallucinations and delusions but can come with unbearable side effects, like severe weight gain or debilitating tremors.

Now, results of a landmark government-funded study call that approach into question. The findings, from by far the most rigorous trial to date conducted in the United States, concluded that schizophrenia patients who received smaller doses of antipsychotic medication and a bigger emphasis on one-on-one talk therapy and family support made greater strides in recovery over the first two years of treatment than patients who got the usual drug-focused care

The report, to be published on Tuesday in The American Journal of Psychiatry and funded by the National Institute of Mental Health, comes as Congress debates mental health reform and as interest in the effectiveness of treatments grows amid a debate over the possible role of mental illness in mass shootings.
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Its findings have already trickled out to government agencies: On Friday, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services published in its influential guidelines a strong endorsement of the combined-therapy approach. Mental health reform bills now being circulated in Congress “mention the study by name,” said Dr. Robert K. Heinssen, the director of services and intervention research at the centers, who oversaw the research.

In 2014, Congress awarded $25 million in block grants to the states to be set aside for early-intervention mental health programs. So far, 32 states have begun using those grants to fund combined-treatment services, Dr. Heinssen said.

Experts said the findings could help set a new standard of care in an area of medicine that many consider woefully inadequate: the management of so-called first episode psychosis, that first break with reality in which patients (usually people in their late teens or early 20s) become afraid and deeply suspicious. The sooner people started the combined treatment after that first episode, the better they did, the study found. The average time between the first episode and receiving medical care — for those who do get it — is currently about a year and half.

The more holistic approach that the study tested is based in part on programs in Australia, Scandinavia and elsewhere that have improved patients’ lives in those countries for decades. This study is the first test of the approach in this country — in the “real world” as researchers described it, meaning delivered through the existing infrastructure, by community mental health centers.

The drugs used to treat schizophrenia, called antipsychotics, work extremely well for some people, eliminating psychosis with few side effects; but most who take them find that their bad effects, whether weight gain, extreme drowsiness, or emotional numbing, are hard to live with. Nearly three quarters of people prescribed medications for the disorder stop taking them within a year and a half, studies find.

“As for medications, I have had every side effect out there, from chills and shakes to lockjaw and lactation,” said a participant in the trial, Maggie, 20, who asked that her last name be omitted. She did well in the trial and is now attending nursing school.

Doctors praised the study results.

“I’m very favorably impressed they were able to pull this study off so successfully, and it clearly shows the importance of early intervention,” said Dr. William T. Carpenter, a professor of psychiatry at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, who was not involved in the study.

Dr. Mary E. Olson, an assistant professor of psychiatry at the University of Massachusetts Medical School, who has worked to promote approaches to psychosis that are less reliant on drugs, said the combined treatment had a lot in common with Open Dialogue, a Finnish program developed in the 1980s. “These are zeitgeist ideas, and I think it’s thrilling that this trial got such good results,” Dr. Olson said.

In the new study, doctors used the medications as part of a package of treatments and worked to keep the doses as low as possible — in some cases 50 percent lower — minimizing their bad effects. The sprawling research team, led by Dr. John M. Kane, chairman of the psychiatry department at Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, randomly assigned 34 community care clinics in 21 states to provide either treatment as usual, or the combined package.

The team trained staff members at the selected clinics to deliver that package, and it included three elements in addition to the medication. First, help with work or school such as assistance in deciding which classes or opportunities are most appropriate, given a person’s symptoms. Second, education for family members to increase their understanding of the disorder. And finally, one-on-one talk therapy in which the person with the diagnosis learns tools to build social relationships, reduce substance use and help manage the symptoms, which include mood problems as well as hallucinations and delusions.

For example, some patients can learn to defuse the voices in their head — depending on the severity of the episode — by ignoring them or talking back. The team recruited 404 people with first-episode psychosis, mostly diagnosed in their late teens or 20s. About half got the combined approach and half received treatment as usual. Clinicians monitored both groups using standardized checklists that rate symptom severity and quality of life, like whether a person is working, and how well he or she is getting along with family members.

The group that started on the combined treatment scored, on average, more poorly on both measures at the beginning of the trial. Over two years, both groups showed steady improvement. But by the end, those who had been in the combined program had more symptom relief, and were functioning better as well. They had also been on drug doses that were 20 percent to 50 percent lower, Dr. Kane said.

“One way to think about it is, if you look at the people who did the best — those we caught earliest after their first episode — their improvement by the end was easily noticeable by friends and family,” Dr. Kane said. The gains for those in typical treatment were apparent to doctors, but much less obvious.

Dr. Kenneth Duckworth, medical director for the National Alliance on Mental Illness, an advocacy group, called the findings “a game-changer for the field” in the way it combines multiple, individualized therapies, suited to the stage of the psychosis.

The study, begun in 2009, almost collapsed under the weight of its ambition. The original proposal called for two parallel trials, each including hundreds of first-episode patients. But recruiting was so slow for one of the trials that it was abandoned, said Dr. Heinssen.

“It’s been a long haul,” Dr. Heinssen added, “but it’s worth noting that it usually takes about 17 years for a new discovery to make it into clinical practice; or that’s the number people throw around. But this process only took seven years.